Results and plotting tutorial

This tutorial shows how to visualize glacier simulation results using the plotting utilities provided through ODINN.jl (from Sleipnir.jl). It covers the main plot types available after running a forward simulation.

using ODINN
using CairoMakie

Running a forward simulation

We first run a short forward simulation on Great Aletsch glacier (RGI60-11.01450) over a 5-year period, which will serve as the basis for all the plots below. The temperature-index mass balance model is calibrated against the Hugonnet et al. (2021) geodetic observations, so that the simulated evolution is realistic rather than driven by arbitrary degree-day and precipitation factors. See the SMB calibration tutorial for details on the calibration itself.

rgi_ids = ["RGI60-11.01450"]
rgi_paths = get_rgi_paths()

params = Parameters(
    simulation = SimulationParameters(
        working_dir = joinpath(ODINN.root_dir, "demos"),
        tspan = (2010.0, 2015.0),
        multiprocessing = false,
        workers = 1,
        climate_data_source = :W5E5,
        rgi_paths = rgi_paths,
        use_MB = true,
        use_velocities = true,
        use_glathida_data = true,
        use_iceflow = true
    ),
    solver = SolverParameters(
        step = 1 / 12,
        progress = true,
        save_everystep = true
    )
)

glaciers = initialize_glaciers(rgi_ids, params)

model = Model(
    iceflow = SIA2Dmodel(params),
    mass_balance = TImodel1(params)
)

# Returns a new `Model`, since it builds one mass balance model per glacier
model = calibrate_MB_model(model, glaciers, params)

prediction = Prediction(model, glaciers, params)
run!(prediction)

glacier = glaciers[1]
results = prediction.results[1]

Sleipnir.Results{Float64, Int64}("RGI60-11.01450", [[0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0]  …  [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0]], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [Matrix{Float64}(undef, 0, 0)], [846.0 854.0 … 2641.0 2710.0; 1146.0 1126.0 … 2530.0 2601.0; … ; 2498.0 2488.0 … 1378.0 1340.0; 2588.0 2575.0 … 1348.0 1306.0], [846.0 854.0 … 2641.0 2710.0; 1146.0 1126.0 … 2530.0 2601.0; … ; 2498.0 2488.0 … 1378.0 1340.0; 2588.0 2575.0 … 1348.0 1306.0], [7.91443454624993, 7.916219347583682, 7.918004149070045, 7.919788950706374, 7.921573752490024, 7.923358554418349, 7.925143356488705, 7.926928158698445, 7.9287129610449245, 7.9304977635255  …  8.087560596169107, 8.089345399989952, 8.09113020370682, 8.092915007317067, 8.094699810818048, 8.096484614207116, 8.098269417481626, 8.100054220638935, 8.101839023676396, 8.103623826591363], [46.57500707980041, 46.57377415704956, 46.57254123403177, 46.571308310747035, 46.57007538719533, 46.56884246337668, 46.56760953929109, 46.56637661493852, 46.565143690319005, 46.563910765432524  …  46.397463454807436, 46.3962304936085, 46.3949975321425, 46.39376457040945, 46.392531608409364, 46.39129864614221, 46.390065683608015, 46.38883272080677, 46.387599757738464, 46.38636679440311], [[0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 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-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0]  …  [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [-0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; -0.0 -0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 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0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0]], [[0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0]], Float64[], Float64[], Float64[], (2000.0, 2020.0), -1.2107, 137.0, 137.0, 8.00902916526996, 46.48130418987495, 107, 154, [2010.0, 2010.0833333333333, 2010.1666666666667, 2010.25, 2010.3333333333333, 2010.4166666666667, 2010.5, 2010.5833333333333, 2010.6666666666667, 2010.75  …  2014.25, 2014.3333333333333, 2014.4166666666667, 2014.5, 2014.5833333333333, 2014.6666666666667, 2014.75, 2014.8333333333333, 2014.9166666666667, 2015.0], [[0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 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… ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0], [0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; … ; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0 … 0.0 0.0]], [2010.0833333333333, 2010.1666666666667, 2010.25, 2010.3333333333333, 2010.4166666666667, 2010.5, 2010.5833333333333, 2010.6666666666667, 2010.75, 2010.8333333333333  …  2014.25, 2014.3333333333333, 2014.4166666666667, 2014.5, 2014.5833333333333, 2014.6666666666667, 2014.75, 2014.8333333333333, 2014.9166666666667, 2015.0], (2010.0, 2015.0))

Heatmaps

The plot_glacier function with the "heatmaps" mode renders spatial maps of one or more glacier variables at a given time step. Common variables are H (ice thickness), V (velocity magnitude), S (surface elevation) and B (bed elevation).

plot_glacier(results, "heatmaps", [:H, :V, :S, :B]; timeIdx = 1)

Velocity quivers

To visualize glacier flow direction, use the "quivers" mode. Passing both :V and :V_ref will display the simulated and observed velocity fields side by side.

plot_glacier(results, "quivers", [:V, :V_ref]; timeIdx = 1)

Evolution statistics

The "evolution statistics" mode plots temporal statistics of a variable across the simulation. Any combination of "average", "median", "min" and "max" can be requested.

plot_glacier(
    results,
    "evolution statistics",
    [:H];
    tspan = results.tspan,
    metrics = ["average", "median", "min", "max"]
)

Integrated volume

The "integrated volume" mode shows how the total ice volume integrated over the glacier domain evolves throughout the simulation.

plot_glacier(results, "integrated volume", [:H]; tspan = results.tspan)

Gridded data

The plot_gridded_data function provides a lower-level interface for displaying any 2-D field on the glacier grid. It supports contour lines, log-scale plotting and custom color ranges.

plot_gridded_data(results.S, results; title = "Surface elevation", colorbar_label = "m a.s.l.")

Cumulative mass balance

The plot_cumulative_mb function accumulates the gridded mass balance over time and renders a spatial map of the cumulative signal. Setting annual_MB = true produces the annually averaged equivalent.

plot_cumulative_mb(results; title = "Cumulative mass balance")

Digital elevation model

A quick DEM overview of the glacier can be obtained from either a Results object or directly from a Glacier2D object.

plot_glacier_dem(results)

Animated thickness evolution

plot_glacier_vid generates an animation of the ice-thickness evolution. The output format is inferred from the file extension, so passing a .gif path produces an animated GIF that can be embedded directly in the documentation (a .mp4 path works the same way for local use). The fluctuations seen in the animation are due to seasonal accumulation and ablation.

folder = "results_plots"
mkpath(folder)

step_video = results.t[2] - results.t[1]
plot_glacier_vid(
    "thickness",
    results,
    glacier,
    results.tspan,
    step_video,
    joinpath(folder, "thickness_evolution.gif");
    framerate = 12,
    baseTitle = "Ice thickness"
)

# Pretty URLs serve each page one directory deeper, changing the path back to the gif
prefix = get(ENV, "ODINN_DOCS_PRETTYURLS", "false")=="true" ? ".." : "."
HTML("""<img src="$(prefix)/results_plots/thickness_evolution.gif" width="500"/>""")

Saving figures

All figures can be saved with save_figure, which wraps CairoMakie.save and returns the output file path:

fig_dem = plot_glacier_dem(results)
save_figure(fig_dem, joinpath(folder, "glacier_dem.png"))

"results_plots/glacier_dem.png"

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